麦棉套种共生期土壤水分对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

在3-1式和4-2式2种麦棉套种方式的条件下,在防雨棚内采用小区试验研究了麦棉共生期间土壤水分条件对冬小麦产量和品质的影响。试验结果表明,麦棉共生期间土壤水分显著影响了冬小麦的产量和品质。冬小麦籽粒中含水率、沉降值、蛋白质随土壤水分增加而降低;较低的土壤含水量处理小麦籽粒蛋白质含量增加;2种套种方式均以70%土壤含水量处理的冬小麦产量最高,土壤水分升高或下降都会降低产量;3-1套种方式小麦籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量显著高于4-2式。     

农田土壤温度和水分空间变异研究

以静海县良种场内面积为4400m2的冬小麦田作为试验区,采用规则格网采样,按照10m×10m设置格网,共设52个采样点,通过GPS手持机确定点的位置,利用土壤温湿度检测仪测定了各个采样点0~20、20~40cm二个不同深度土壤的含水量和温度,利用ARC/INFO的地统计分析模块绘制了试验区土壤温度和水分空间分布图,并分析了其垂直和水平方向的空间变异特征,可为确定冬灌的最佳灌溉时机和灌溉量提供科学依据。     

秸秆覆盖对冬小麦耗水特征及水分生产率的影响

2季冬小麦试验结果表明 ,秸秆覆盖具有减少土壤棵间无效蒸发的作用 ,冬小麦返青前 1 m土层贮水量在砂壤土条件下秸秆覆盖处理比无覆盖处理增加 2 %～ 2 5 .8% ,粘壤土条件下增加 2 %～ 1 4.5 %。返青前秸秆覆盖处理比无覆盖处理的日耗水量普遍小 ,返青后情况则相反。秸秆覆盖能够促进作物生长 ,与无覆盖相比 ,提高水分生产效率 4.6%～ 2 5 .2 %。     

冬小麦水分胁迫效应及节水高效灌溉指标体系

在冬小麦的各个生育期，水分胁迫均显著影响小麦矿质营养的吸收、干物质的累积及光合作用等过程，根据时各试验处理麦株个体、群体的生理、生态分析，确立冬小麦各生育期的节水灌溉指标体系。该体系除土壤含水量外，还包括根系湿润层厚度、细胞液浓度、叶水势、蒸腾强度、气孔导度和叶片N、P、K的浓度等指标。     

寒带无人值守机房冬季节能及补热方式

黑龙江冬季寒冷且时间长，各无人值守机房在冬季将消耗大量电能来取暖。由于无线移动基站很多，采取节能方式将降低运行成本。为此，介绍了一种节能和补偿热量方式，其实际应用效果显著。     

不同土壤水分条件下冬小麦根系分

利用2004～2005年冬小麦测坑试验资料，研究了不同土壤水分条件对冬小麦根系分布及其耗水特性的影响，并在此分析基础上，探讨了冬小麦适宜供水方案和土壤水分剖面最佳消耗形式，这对提高农田土壤水分有效利用率具有重要的意义。     

冬小麦节水高效优化灌溉制度模型应用研究

根据霍泉灌区田间试验资料,考虑水分亏缺的后效性,以冠层叶面积指数修正后的作物-水模型作为目标函数,建立二雏动态规划模型,计算冬小麦节水高效优化灌溉制度。结果显示,该模型充分反映了灌水时间、灌水定额和灌溉水量产生的冬小麦的产量效应,所建模型和参数确定较合理,在实践中更有实用性。     

Excessive nitrogen application decreases grain yield and increases nitrogen loss in a wheat–soil system

Abstract

Excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in wheat fields has led to elevated NO₃-N concentrations in groundwater and reduced N use efficiency. Three-year field and ¹⁵N tracing experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of N application rates on N uptake from basal and topdressing ¹⁵N, N use efficiency, and grain yield in winter wheat plants; and determine the dynamics of N derived from both basal and topdressing ¹⁵N in soil in high-yielding fields. The results showed that 69.5–84.5% of N accumulated in wheat plants derived from soil, while 6.0–12.5%and 9.2–18.1% derived from basal ¹⁵N and top ¹⁵N fertilizer, respectively. The basal N fertilizer recovery averaged 33.9% in plants, residual averaged 59.2% in 0–200 cm depth soil; the topdressing N fertilizer recovery averaged 50.5% in plants, residual averaged 48.2% in 0–200 cm soil. More top ¹⁵N was accumulated in plants and more remained in 0–100 cm soil rather than in 100–200 cm soil at maturity, compared with the basal ¹⁵N. However, during the period from pre-sowing to pre-wintering, the soil nitrate moved down to deeper layers, and most accumulated in the layers below 140 cm. With an increase of N fertilizer rate, the proportion of the N derived from soil in plants decreased, but that derived from basal and topdressing fertilizer increased; the proportion of basal and top ¹⁵N recovery in plants decreased, and that of residual in soil increased. A moderate application rate of 96–168 kg N ha^?1 led to increases in nitrate content in 0–60 cm soil layer, N uptake amount, grain yield and apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N in wheat. Applying above 240 kg N ha^?1 promoted the downward movement of basal and top ¹⁵N and soil nitrate, but had no significant effect on N uptake amount; the excessive N application also obviously decreased the grain yield, N uptake efficiency, apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N, physiological efficiency and internal N use efficiency. It is suggested that the appropriate application rate of nitrogen on a high-yielding wheat field was 96–168 kg N ha^?1.     

五味子实生苗地下横走茎形态发生研究

对五味子实生苗地下横走茎的形态发生、发育过程进行了研究。结果表明:1 a生五味子子叶腋芽可发育为地下横走茎,但其发育较缓慢,在8月下旬至9月初才发育成地下横走茎,第1片真叶腋芽和第2片真叶腋芽当年均可以发育成地下横走茎;2 a生和多年生五味子植株基部的越冬芽都会发育成地下横走茎;无论是子叶腋芽还是越冬芽在转变初期与一般芽形态相似,但经过伸长生长后,其茎尖开始弯曲以适应地下生长。地下横走茎的发生部位较集中,常呈轮生状。较高节位芽的超显微结构与子叶叶芽存在较大差异,说明五味子的芽能否形成地下横走茎在其形成的早期可能就已经决定。